zeros, ones, eye, rand), shape transformations (reshape, permute, repmat, cat), and test matrices.sin, cos, atan2), exponential (exp, log, sqrt), complex (abs, angle), and rounding (floor, ceil, mod).+, -, .*, ./), relational (==, <), logical (&, |, ~), bitwise (bitand, bitshift), and transpose (.').linsolve, mldivide, inv), decompositions (lu, qr, chol, svd, eig), and matrix functions.sum, mean, std), cumulative diffs (cumsum, diff), 1D/2D FFTs (fft, ifft), and accumarray.besselj, bessely), Airy functions, Gamma, Beta, Error functions (erf, erfc), and number theory.polyfit, polyval, roots), 1D/2D/3D interpolation (interp1, griddata), and splines (spline, pchip).sprintf, compose, strjoin), search & regex (strcmp, strfind, regexp), and numerical conversions.struct, fieldnames), Cell arrays (cell, cellfun, deal), type casting, and predicates (isa, isnumeric).tic, toc), date arithmetic (now, datestr, datevec), and execution delays.isvarname), error diagnostics (error, warning, lastwarn), and help (help, what).save, load, who, clear), text parsing (textscan, csvread), and formatted streams.butter, fir1), filter implementation (filtfilt, sosfilt), spectral analysis (pwelch, spectrogram), and windows.normpdf, tinv), hypothesis tests (ttest, anova1), regression (regress, fitlm, lasso), and pca.rgb2gray, rgb2hsv), morphology (imerode, imreconstruct, bwlabel), spatial filtering, and quality metrics (psnr, ssim).tf2ss, ss2tf, zp2tf), frequency response (bode, nyquist), time response (step, impulse), and stability metrics.fminunc, fminbnd), nonlinear equations (fzero, fsolve), and curve fitting (lsqcurvefit, lsqnonlin).dwt, wavedec2), Stationary Wavelets (swt), filter banks (wfilters), and wavelet denoising (wdenoise).pskmod, qammod, fskmod, ofdmmod), channel models (awgn, rayleighchan), error control coding, and scrambling.pitch, harmonicRatio), spectral shape descriptors (spectralCentroid, spectralFlux), and representations (mfcc, melSpectrogram).ode45, ode23, ode113, ode15s, ode23s) and integration options (odeset).plot), surface meshes (surf, mesh), scatter charts, histograms, colormaps, and plot styling.